Meningitis

When persons fear meningitis, it is important to know what signs and symptoms to look out for so that you can manage the situation.

The good news is that according to the Department of Health there has been a steady decline in meningitis cases reported over the past few years. Between January and March 2008 there were 50 cases reported. During the same period in 2009 there was a sharp decline in cases, with only 35 cases reported.

What is meningitis?

Meningitis is an infection of the layers of tissue which cover the brain and spinal cord.

Types of meningitis

• Viral meningitis is the most common and easily cured.
• Fungal meningitis is treatable and usually occurs in patients with a weak immune system, such as diabetics or those who are HIV positive.
• Bacterial meningitis is a very serious condition and can be fatal. However, bacterial meningitis is treatable when it is detected early.

Symptoms

Symptoms of meningitis are similar to those associated with the flu. If you suffer from three or more of the following symptoms, arrange to see a doctor and get tested immediately as early discovery is key.

Symptoms may include:

• severe headache;
• stiff neck, shoulders or back;
• unusual rash over the body;
• vomiting;
• fever and drowsiness;
• sensitivity to light; and
• in babies: fever, poor feeding, floppy body, bulge in the soft spot on the skull.

Diagnosis

The only way to test for meningitis is with a lumbar puncture or spinal tap. Samples of urine, blood and secretions from your ears or nose might also be taken.

How do you become infected with meningitis?

You can get infected if you are in close contact with an infected person in the same household, classroom or office.

Prevention

Avoid contact with:

• an infected person; don't share things like plates and glasses;
• always wash your hands before you eat; and
• cover your mouth while coughing.

Children aged under five years and people with weak immune systems are most at risk.

Remember: A strong immune system is better prepared to fight germs and infections. To better protect yourself, try to:

• eat a low-fat, high-fibre diet;
• avoid sugar and processed foods;
• take vitamin supplements to maintain a healthy immune system and prevent return infections that can lead to meningitis; and
• do not abuse alcohol or smoke, as this can also weaken your immune system.
• If you are on treatment for AIDS, make sure that you take your medicine correctly.

Treatment

Viral meningitis is usually treated by alleviating symptoms and watchful waiting. It is usually self-limiting and rarely causes complications. In remote areas doctors will frequently treat viral meningitis as if it is bacterial meningitis, until the result of the tests (e.g. lumbar punch) has been received.

Meningitis that is cause by a bacterium (bacterial meningitis) is usually treated with effective intravenous antibiotics.

In both cases short to longer periods of hospitalisation are necessary.

References

1. UpToDate: Meningitis

2. Report on infective diseases DOH Jan 2009

3. Medinfo (medinfo.uk.com): Meningitis